Male infertility can stem from issues affecting sperm quantity, quality, and semen transport. Common causes include:

  • Sperm disorders. These are the most frequent cause and involve insufficient sperm, abnormally shaped sperm, or sperm that cannot swim effectively. Causes include infections (e.g., mumps), hormone imbalances, immune disorders, genetic diseases, and environmental toxins (e.g., radiation, chemicals). Smoking and alcohol consumption can also negatively impact sperm count.
  • Pelvic structure problems. Blockages in semen flow can result from birth defects, enlarged testicular veins (varicocele), infections or swelling (often sexually transmitted), or surgical scar tissue (e.g., from hernia repair).
  • Delivery problems. Erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and retrograde ejaculation (semen entering the bladder) hinder proper semen release.

Male Fertility Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

  • Semen analysis. Evaluates semen volume, sperm count, and sperm quality (shape and movement). A drop of semen is examined under a microscope to identify any abnormalities.
  • Hormone testing (Male Endocrinology). A blood test measures hormone levels influencing sperm production and fertility.
  • Immunobead Testing. Detects the presence of antisperm antibodies, which can attack sperm and affect fertility in both men and women.
  • Epididymal aspiration. A small incision in the scrotum allows for fluid collection from the epididymis (where sperm matures and is stored). This fluid is examined for sperm presence and can be used for IVF.
  • Testicular sperm extraction (TESE). A small testicular tissue sample is taken via an incision in the scrotum to retrieve sperm, particularly when sperm production is impaired or epididymal aspiration is unsuccessful.

Male Fertility Treatments and Services

  • Lifestyle changes. In some cases, fertility can be improved by stopping certain medications, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake, and exercising regularly.
  • Surgery. Surgical intervention, often minimally invasive, can correct blockages or structural issues causing infertility.

Fertility Preservation (Semen Cryopreservation):

This process is recommended for men facing potential fertility-impacting treatments, such as cancer therapy (chemotherapy, radiation) or prior to vasectomy. Semen samples are collected, evaluated, and frozen for long-term storage (cryopreservation). This safeguards against future infertility. Frozen sperm can be stored for extended periods (over 20 years) and used for later IVF. Cryopreservation services often partner with specialized facilities for secure storage.